Indian philosophy by and large has been treated up to now in an antiquarian spirit, something belonging to past history which has no relevance to current concerns of philosophical thought in the world. Further, it has readily been assumed that the past traditions of philosophical thought had already reached a dead end and that there were no living representatives of that thought in modern times or that those who existed were concerned primarily with the preservation and safe-guarding of past knowledge in these domains. The intellectual and cultural domination of the west as well as the establishment of educational institutions on western models, along with the training of students in western universities, ensured that the paradigmatic model about philosophy and what was to count as "philosophical" was determined by the west. Also, as English was the language of both national and international intellectual life, it automatically ensured that those who did not know the language or could not write or converse in it would become intellectually nonexistent even in their own country. This resulted in a situation where only those persons were paid attention to even in the field of Indian philosophy who wrote in English or in other major European languages. If one only knew Sanskrit and wrote in it, one had very little chance of being treated as a serious scholar or thinker even in those areas of philosophy which specifically pertained to that which was exclusively contained in the Sanskrit texts themselves. The scholar who could not read, write or speak in English thus gradually became invisible in the philosophical scene during the course of this century in India.